水环境中的信息有机物与“水域生态讯息学”的提出     

张倩  宋金明  李学刚  袁华茂  李宁  段丽琴  曲宝晓  康绪明 《海洋科学》2017,41(3):138-150

信息有机物(或化感物质)系指存在于自然环境,对生物物种或生物类群生存和生长有促进或抑制作用,并能通过调控生物丰度与群落结构来影响生态系统和生态环境的微痕量有机物。目前已知的信息有机物大多是分子质量小于10~4Da的醇、酚、萜、酯、多肽等小分子物质,它们随水体迁移扩散,通过控制酶活性或光合系统等途径影响目标生物生存生长,作用强度受微生物分解和营养水平等多种因素影响。水体中信息有机物一般是通过有机溶剂萃取或固相萃取富集后用色质联用鉴定结构并测定含量。本文系统总结了近年来水环境中信息有机物及其检测方法的主要研究进展,归纳总结了高效灵敏的水体信息有机物检测方法,阐述了水环境中信息有机物种类、结构、作用机制及其对水域生态学的意义,在此基础上,提出了"水域生态讯息学"的新概念,诠释了"水域生态讯息学"的内涵,这对于拓展生态学研究内容,揭示水生生物学发生机制,持续利用水生生物资源具有重要的科学意义和实际价值。  相似文献   

Impact of climate change on floodplain inundation and hydrological connectivity between wetlands and rivers in a tropical river catchment   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

Fazlul Karim  Cuan Petheram  Steve Marvanek  Catherine Ticehurst  Jim Wallace  Masud Hasan 《水文研究》2016,30(10):1574-1593

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不同经济水平牧户草场植被特征比较     

尹燕亭  侯向阳  运向军  丁勇  李西良 《中国沙漠》2013,33(4)

以内蒙古荒漠草原家庭牧场为研究尺度,比较分析了不同经济水平牧户草场的植物群落特征,结果表明:主要植物种群的高度、盖度、密度、地上生物量、重要值及群落多样性指数均呈现出不同程度的趋同性.从社会学角度分析表明,牧区牧户的经济收入与饲养牲畜头数呈高度正相关.不同经济水平牧户草畜平衡的调整和适应能力不同,低经济水平牧户一般牲畜头数少,草场相对可使用面积大,经营意识薄弱,草场经常被有意或无意占用;中等经济水平牧户扩大饲养规模的愿望最为强烈,并积极通过围封、租借草场等方式来保护自家草场和扩大牲畜数量;高经济水平牧户则普遍采取常年租借草场、走场、购买饲草料等措施,减缓对自己草场放牧压力,同时保持畜饲养规模的维持和扩大.牧户存在调整适应行为,并会基于自己的“草畜平衡标准”,根据经济条件、草场面积、牲畜数量和对草场状况、放牧超载及效益的认知,适时通过草场流转和输入外部资源等方式,转移放牧压力,致使不同牧户草场生态状况趋于一致.  相似文献   

中国古代家养动物的动物考古学研究   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

袁靖 《第四纪研究》2010,30(2):298-306

鉴定家养动物的系列方法包括形体测量、病理现象、年龄结构、性别特征、数量比例、考古现象、食性分析、DNA研究等。按照迄今为止出土的动物骨骼资料,中国主要家养动物开始出现的时间和种类依次为距今10000年左右出现狗,距今9000年左右出现猪,距今5000多年出现绵羊,距今4000多年出现黄牛,距今约3700年左右出现马和山羊,距今约3600年左右出现鸡。中国古代家养动物出现的模式可以分为直接在当地驯化和通过文化交流从其他地区引进这样两种。  相似文献   

漓江水系汞的分布和污染研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

钱建平  张力  曹超  牛云飞  梁桂莲  江文莹  许明  江沙 《地球化学》2010,39(4):314-325

对漓江水系干流、支流、连体湖泊、较大的孤立湖塘和近岸水井设置40个采样点。水样采样周期为2个水文年,分枯水季和丰水季两次采样,现场测定水温、电导率、pH值等理化参数。系统采集水样112件、底泥样40件、水草样40件、近岸土壤样40件。底泥样用逐步浸提法进行不同形态汞分析。研究结果显示,干流河水、底泥和水草中汞的平均含量分别为0．12μg／L、0．20μg／g和0．032μg／g;主要支流河水、底泥和水草中汞的平均含量高于干流,分别为0．15—0．23μg／L、0．38～1．7μg／g和0．028—0．044μg／g。底泥中汞含量均高于近岸土壤汞含量。无论是干流还是支流,河水汞含量与底泥、水草汞含量有明显的相关关系。由上游至下游,漓江水系干流、主要支流河水样汞含量均不断增高,可高出源头河水汞含量的1．5—5倍。相应地指示重金属离子污染的参考指标——电导率值不断增高,河水的pH值亦逐渐增高。丰水期（5月至6月）河水中的汞含量（0．12—0．28μg／L）明显高于枯水期（9月至11月）河水中的汞含量（0．091—0．28μg／L）。不同断面河水汞含量均高于相应近岸井水汞含量。不同水体底泥中汞的形态分布一般顺序为：残渣态〉难氧化降解有机质结合态〉腐殖酸结合态〉碳酸盐和铁锰氧化物吸附态〉交换态〉易氧化降解有机质结合态〉水溶态。综合各项资料分析,认为漓江干流是桂林城市汞污染最大的汇。根据地表水环境质量标准（GB3838--2002）,仅汞而言,漓江水系均达到Ⅳ类水质标准（河水中汞含量≤1μg／L）。漓江支流汞污染高于干流,对干流存在较大的污染风险。  相似文献   

Summer light‐trap catches of adult Trichoptera in hill‐country catchments of contrasting land use,Waikato, New Zealand     

Kevin J. Collier  Brian J. Smith  Brenda R. Baillie 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(5):623-634

The distribution of adult Trichoptera in light traps was investigated alongside nine streams draining catchments under native forest, pine forest, or pasture near Hamilton, Waikato, New Zealand. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between abundance, taxonomic richness, and community composition with respect to land use during summer, and to evaluate the use of adult Trichoptera compared with benthic invertebrates as potential bio‐indicators of the effectiveness of land‐management changes. Adult Trichoptera faunas alongside the native streams were dominated by Hydrobiosidae, Conoesucidae, and Helicopsychidae (each >10% of total Trichoptera numbers for at least two of the three sites), whereas Leptoceridae, Oeconescidae, and Hydrobiosidae were relatively abundant alongside at least two of the pine sites. Adult Trichoptera faunas at the pasture sites were strongly dominated by Hydroptilidae which made up 47–85% of numbers caught at all sites. The mean number of individuals and taxa caught in light traps increased from November to January and then declined in February for all land‐use types. Overall, total numbers and taxonomic richness of adult Trichoptera were significantly lower at the pine sites compared to the pasture or native sites. TWINSPAN classification of benthic invertebrates collected in November clearly differentiated sites based on land use for presence/absence and percentage abundance data. A similar pattern was evident for most sites when adult Trichoptera faunas were used for the four sampling dates combined, suggesting that light trapping has potential as a tool for bio‐monitoring.  相似文献   

Relationships between land use and stream invertebrate community structure in a South Island,New Zealand,coastal stream catchment     

Matthew J. Hall  Gerard P. Closs  Ralph H. Riley 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):591-603

Macroinvertebrate community composition was compared across streams draining catchments dominated by either native bush, agricultural or urban land uses within the Water of Leith stream catchment near Dunedin, New Zealand. Land use was associated with differences in taxon richness and faunal composition of communities present in each stream. The mean abundance levels of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera were highest in native bush catchments, and lowest in urban catchments. In contrast, the mean abundance of Oligochaeta exhibited the opposite pattern. Increasing dominance of the urban and agricultural streams by pollution tolerant taxa was reflected in the Macroinvertebrate Community Index and Quantitative Macroinvertebrate Community Index scores.  相似文献   

Population variations in the grazing turbinid Lunella smaragda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)     

John R. Walsby 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):211-238

The grazing turbinid gastropod Lunella smaragda was sampled regularly over 3.5 y from precise sites of different microtopography and height on the platform shore at Goat Island Beach near Leigh, Northland, New Zealand. Growth is linear for over 3 y, and the year‐classes distinct. The position of the different size‐classes is related to both the shelter afforded by the microtopography, and to the height on the shore. The populations in the mid‐eulittoral turf flats, low eulittoral bare rock areas, and the sublittoral fringe are distinct, and there is a general movement down the shore with age and size. Wave action apparently dislodges the animals from higher areas when they grow to a critical size and transports them to sites lower on the shore, where wave disturbance is less. Field experiments with marked animals and laboratory studies with a wave tank confirm that the wave‐effected distribution is size related. However measurements showed that the ratio of foot attachment area to the shell area presented to the wave does not vary with animal size. The possible benefits of wave dislodgment and wave‐effected distribution are considered.  相似文献   

Removal of intertidal algae by herbivores in experimental frames and on shores near Auckland     

Penelope A. Luckens 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):637-654

When grazing animals are excluded from any intertidal area algae grow unchecked. In screened frames on the shore where predation experiments are in progress such growth is undesirable. A number of shore herbivores were tested for their ability to remove such algal growth and prevent its reformation without interfering with the main experiments. Only the browsing species Lunella smaragda and Melagraphia aethiops were capable of removing large algal growths, and these species were acceptable food for some of the predatory species. The complex inter‐relationship between grazing species and shore zonation at several places near Auckland is discussed.  相似文献   

Letters to the editor     

Malcolm Haddon  Robert C. Francis 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(4):447-449

A preliminary scuba survey of oligotrophic Lake Rotoma in 1972 revealed a vegetation mainly composed of native hydrophytes in which exotics were at an early stage of colonisation. In 1973 the presence of species was recorded in 5708 quadrats (625 cm²) at 1 m intervals along a total of 50 line transects placed systematically around the lake. Water depth was measured, and quadrat cover and substrate type were subjectively estimated. Species frequency calculations showed that the dominant vegetation pattern was a characean meadow of Chara fibrosa f. acanthopitys (A.Br.) R.D.W., Nitella leptostachys var. leonhardii (R.D.W.) R.D.W., and N. pseudoflabellata var. mucosa (Nordst.) Bailey. The charophytes extended over a depth range of 1–17.5 m on a wide variety of substrates and gradients. Native vascular plants were absent from many transects, and had a depth range only from 0 to 4.5 m, with most occurring above 3.5 m. The Low Mixed Community, found in shallow water less than 1.25 m in depth at the northeast end of the lake, provided this area with a high species diversity. Exotic hydrophytes had established in many areas around the lake. The distribution of Lagarosiphon major (Ridley) Moss and Elodea canadensis Michx. appeared to coincide with boating access and fallen submerged trees over a depth range of 0–6.0 m, although much of the available habitat had not yet been exploited. Emergent species were most abundant within the southwest inlet and also in the lagoons surrounding the lake where sheltered conditions and shallow gradients prevail.  相似文献